The CL1 and the Rise of Biological Computing

The Dawn of Biological Computing: CL1 and the Future of Human-Neuron Hybrid Machines

Silicon has been the foundational material of the computing revolution for over half a century. Every smartphone, data center, and embedded system today depends on microchips carved from wafers of silicon. But as the scale of computation continues to grow exponentially, researchers are beginning to encounter serious limitations in power efficiency, material availability, and scalability. One of the most radical alternatives to conventional silicon-based computing emerged in March 2025, when Australian biotech company Cortical Labs launched the CL1 — the world’s first commercially available biological computer powered by human neurons.

Priced at approximately $35,000, the CL1 marks a historic step toward hybrid computing systems that fuse biological intelligence with silicon infrastructure. Unlike traditional AI, which is software simulated atop digital processors, the CL1 uses actual lab-grown human neurons cultivated from stem cells. These neurons form active, learning neural networks interfacing with conventional computing architecture. The promise: real-time learning, ultra-low power consumption, and applications in everything from drug testing to robotics.

How Biological Computing Works

At the heart of the CL1 is a concept Cortical Labs calls Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI). Human neurons are grown and integrated onto a microelectrode array that functions as both an input and output system. Electrical signals are used to stimulate the neurons, which respond in kind. These responses are captured, interpreted, and used to drive computation and feedback. The system forms a closed loop of interaction that mimics how real brains process sensory input, adapt to new information, and learn from environmental feedback (Moses, 2025).

The CL1 also includes a built-in life support system to keep the neural culture viable. Temperature, gas exchange, nutrient flow, and waste filtration are managed by an array of tubes, sensors, and membranes. Every six months, filters need replacement due to protein buildup. The setup is visually striking — a rectangular chassis with a transparent top that reveals a pulsating mesh of cables and tubes nourishing living tissue (Chong, 2025).

biOS: The First Operating System for Neurons

To facilitate communication between digital and biological components, Cortical Labs developed a proprietary operating system called biOS. Unlike conventional operating systems, which manage hardware and software on binary logic, biOS enables direct input into the biological neural system. Researchers can simulate environments, send stimuli, and analyze responses in real time. The neurons interact with simulated objects as if they were part of a video game or an experimental environment. In earlier studies, neurons were taught to play Pong and demonstrated goal-seeking behavior — such as aligning paddle position to hit a ball — based solely on stimulus-response learning (Kagan et al., 2023).

Energy Efficiency and Learning Capabilities

Traditional data centers are becoming increasingly power-hungry. For example, a single NVIDIA A100 GPU can consume around 400W, and entire clusters may exceed 3.7 million watts annually (Henderson, 2024). By comparison, the CL1 consumes between 850 and 1,000 watts annually — orders of magnitude less energy. Since computing already accounts for roughly 7% of global energy usage, biological systems offer a potentially transformative path forward (IEA, 2024).

More impressive than energy metrics are the learning capabilities. Human neurons can form, reshape, and strengthen synaptic connections based on exposure to stimuli, providing a form of plasticity that far outpaces digital neural networks. In laboratory conditions, neuron cultures were able to demonstrate learning and task adaptation in fewer cycles than conventional machine learning systems, pointing to a form of real-time learning that could eventually bypass the need for massive data labeling and training (Nature Communications, 2023).

Implications for Biomedical Research

The immediate application for CL1 is in neuroscience and pharmacology. Researchers now have a platform to study living, learning neurons in a controlled computational environment. This has profound implications for neurodegenerative disease research, enabling scientists to test how neurons degrade under stress or respond to experimental drugs. It also offers a high-fidelity model for exploring conditions like epilepsy, dementia, and Parkinson’s — disorders with complex, cell-level behavioral dynamics that digital simulations often oversimplify (Chong, 2025).

Additionally, CL1 provides a viable alternative to animal testing. With human-derived neurons, researchers can run simulations and trials that are ethically superior and biologically more accurate. As legislation around animal research tightens in many countries, the CL1 offers a timely and scalable path forward (Reuters, 2024).

From DishBrain to CL1: A Timeline

Cortical Labs began development with a prototype known as DishBrain, which gained international attention in 2023. In that experiment, a neural culture composed of mouse and human neurons learned to play Pong using real-time feedback. The study emphasized a concept known as neural criticality — the idea that brains operate most efficiently when poised between chaos and order. The neurons exhibited higher performance when exposed to structured stimuli as opposed to random inputs, leading some to use the term “sentient,” which sparked heated academic debates (Kagan et al., 2023).

Building on this foundation, the CL1 integrates simplified electrodes, more robust life support, and a modular design suited for long-term experimentation. In June 2025, the first commercial units began shipping, followed by the launch of Cortical Cloud in July — a cloud-based interface allowing remote users to access and manipulate neural networks via subscription. Over 1,000 researchers are already signed up to test biological algorithms and conduct neuron-driven experiments through virtual interfaces (TechCrunch, 2025).

Ethics and Regulation

The integration of human neurons into computing raises difficult ethical and regulatory questions. Cortical Labs sources its neurons from ethically approved stem cell lines and collaborates with international bioethics boards. However, broader concerns remain: Could such systems attain a form of consciousness? How should responses that resemble preference or emotion be interpreted? Should these systems have rights?

Cortical Labs avoids speculative claims and maintains that its systems lack the complexity required for sentience or self-awareness. Yet as capabilities expand, so will scrutiny. Regulatory frameworks will need to evolve to address neuron sourcing, experiment limitations, intellectual property, and even the legal status of hybrid systems (Moses, 2025).

Future of Neural Computing

Industry projections suggest that biological AI computing could become a $60 billion market by 2030 (Statista, 2024). From robotics to personalized medicine, the potential applications are immense. Biological computers could enable real-time adaptation in autonomous machines, improve rehabilitation technologies, and transform how researchers model diseases and test treatments. Unlike silicon chips, neurons rewire themselves on the fly, allowing biological systems to keep pace with unpredictable environments in ways that software-based AI still struggles to replicate.

Ultimately, the CL1 represents a new class of machine — one that is not programmed in the traditional sense but trained, nudged, and observed. It is the first step in a movement that may eventually redefine what it means to compute. Rather than emulating cognition in code, we are now interacting directly with cognition in culture — biological culture, that is.

Key Takeaways

The CL1 introduces a revolutionary computing architecture that merges lab-grown human neurons with traditional silicon components. It consumes drastically less power than modern GPUs, offers adaptive learning without massive datasets, and provides a research platform for understanding the human brain. Its release opens the door to applications in medicine, ethics, robotics, and AI — all while challenging our assumptions about intelligence, sentience, and the future of machines.

References

• Chong, H. W. (2025). CL1: A New Frontier in Computing. Cortical Labs. Retrieved from https://www.corticallabs.com
• Henderson, M. (2024). Data Centers and Energy Use: The Coming Crisis. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved from https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy-consumption-data-centers
• IEA. (2024). Digitalization and Energy. International Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/digitalisation-and-energy
• Kagan, B. J., et al. (2023). In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience-like behavior in a game environment. Nature Communications. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-40998-w
• TechCrunch. (2025). Cortical Labs Launches Cortical Cloud for Remote Neural Computing. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com

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Biohacking and Future Body Tech

The Evolving Human Blueprint

For millennia, humans have sought ways to enhance their capabilities, extend their lifespans, and overcome biological limitations. From rudimentary tools and herbal remedies to sophisticated modern medicine, this drive is intrinsic to our species. Today, we stand at the precipice of a new era, one where the lines between biology and technology blur at an unprecedented rate. Enter the world of biohacking and future body tech – a diverse and rapidly evolving landscape encompassing everything from optimizing wellness through data tracking to radical technological integration with the human form. This domain promises revolutionary advancements in health, cognition, and longevity, yet it simultaneously raises profound ethical questions and concerns about safety, equity, and the very definition of what it means to be human. This post delves into the multifaceted world of biohacking, explores the cutting-edge technologies shaping our future bodies, examines the potential benefits and inherent risks, and considers the societal implications of this transformative frontier.

Deconstructing Biohacking: More Than Just Bulletproof Coffee

The term "biohacking" often conjures images of Silicon Valley executives experimenting with intermittent fasting or individuals implanting microchips under their skin. While these are facets of the movement, the definition is broader. At its core, biohacking refers to the practice of making incremental or significant changes to one's lifestyle, diet, environment, or biology – often using technology, data, and a systems-thinking approach – to improve health, performance, or well-being. It spans a wide spectrum, from relatively benign wellness optimization to far more invasive and experimental interventions. One prominent stream is the "Quantified Self" movement, which focuses on self-tracking using wearable technology to gather data on activity levels, sleep patterns, heart rate, and more, aiming for data-driven self-improvement (Swan, 2012). This data-centric approach allows individuals to conduct personal experiments (n=1 trials) to see what interventions yield the best results for their unique physiology.

Beyond simple tracking, biohacking encompasses areas like nutrigenomics, which explores the relationship between an individual's genetic makeup and their response to specific nutrients and dietary patterns. This has led to the rise of personalized nutrition plans and a booming market for supplements, including nootropics or "smart drugs," purported to enhance cognitive functions like memory, focus, and creativity. While some substances have demonstrated modest effects in specific contexts, the evidence for many popular nootropics remains limited, and the industry is largely unregulated, raising concerns about efficacy and safety (Urban & Mclean, 2014). At the more extreme end lies the "grinder" subculture – individuals who practice body modification by implanting technology, ranging from magnets and NFC/RFID chips for interaction with devices, to more experimental sensors. This DIY approach often operates outside traditional medical and regulatory frameworks, emphasizing body autonomy and transhumanist ideals – the belief that humans can and should use technology to evolve beyond their current physical and mental limitations.

The Rise of Future Body Tech: Integrating Machine with Biology

While biohacking often involves leveraging existing biology or relatively simple tech, "future body tech" points towards more profound, deeply integrated technological interventions that could fundamentally alter human capabilities. This is where science fiction starts bleeding into reality. Perhaps the most talked-about area is the development of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). These systems create a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device. Currently, BCIs show immense promise in medicine, allowing individuals with severe paralysis to control prosthetic limbs, communicate, or even regain some sensory feedback. Companies like Neuralink are pushing the boundaries, aiming for high-bandwidth interfaces that could eventually enable seamless interaction with computers or even direct brain-to-brain communication. The potential applications are staggering, ranging from restoring lost function to potentially enhancing cognitive abilities like memory recall or learning speed. However, the technical challenges remain immense, involving safe, long-term implantation, decoding complex neural signals, and addressing significant ethical hurdles (Wolpaw et al., 2002).

Closely related are advancements in prosthetics and exoskeletons. Modern prosthetic limbs are becoming increasingly sophisticated, incorporating microprocessors, sensors, and even direct neural control to mimic natural movement more closely. Bionic limbs can restore not only motor function but also a degree of sensory feedback, significantly improving quality of life. Exoskeletons, external wearable frameworks, are being developed for both medical rehabilitation (helping stroke patients regain mobility) and industrial or military applications (augmenting strength and endurance). Imagine construction workers effortlessly lifting heavy loads or soldiers marching for days without fatigue – these scenarios are moving closer to reality. The integration of robotics and neuroscience is key here, creating systems that intuitively respond to the user's intentions.

Gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, represent another powerful frontier. While distinct from the DIY gene modification attempts sometimes seen in biohacking circles, sophisticated gene therapy holds the potential to cure inherited genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia by correcting the underlying faulty genes in a patient's cells. Several promising clinical trials are underway, marking a potential revolution in treating previously intractable diseases. However, the conversation inevitably extends to enhancement – using gene editing not just to cure disease but to boost desirable traits like intelligence, physical prowess, or disease resistance. The prospect of "designer babies" and germline editing (making heritable changes to DNA) raises profound ethical objections and fears of exacerbating social inequalities (Baylis & Robert, 2017). Furthermore, the long-term consequences of altering the human genome are largely unknown, demanding extreme caution.

Finally, the field of nanotechnology offers intriguing possibilities for future body tech. Researchers envision microscopic robots, or nanobots, capable of navigating the bloodstream to diagnose diseases at the cellular level, deliver drugs with pinpoint accuracy directly to cancer cells, or even perform micro-repairs on damaged tissues. While still largely in the experimental phase, the potential for minimally invasive diagnostics and targeted therapies is immense. Imagine nanobots constantly monitoring your health from the inside, detecting problems long before symptoms arise and initiating treatment automatically. This level of integration represents a fundamental shift in how we manage health and disease, moving towards proactive, continuous biological maintenance (Mavroidis & Ferreira, 2013).

The Promise: A Healthier, More Capable Humanity?

The potential upsides of biohacking and future body tech are undeniably compelling. At the forefront is the promise of radically improved health and extended lifespans. Technologies like advanced diagnostics, personalized medicine based on genetic data, gene therapy, and nanomedicine could potentially eradicate many diseases that plague humanity today, from genetic disorders to cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. Continuous monitoring via wearables and internal sensors could shift healthcare from reactive treatment to proactive prevention and optimization. Imagine a future where debilitating conditions are caught and corrected at the earliest stages, and the process of aging itself might be slowed or even partially reversed through targeted interventions.

Beyond just health, these technologies offer the prospect of enhanced human capabilities. BCIs could restore communication and mobility to those with severe disabilities, creating a more inclusive society. Advanced prosthetics could allow amputees to regain full function, perhaps even exceeding natural abilities. Cognitive enhancements, whether through nootropics, BCIs, or potentially even genetic tweaks, could boost learning, memory, and problem-solving skills, accelerating scientific discovery and artistic creation. Exoskeletons and other physical augmentations could redefine human limits in various demanding professions and activities. Furthermore, the data gathered through biohacking practices like self-tracking can lead to greater self-awareness and a deeper understanding of one's own unique biology, empowering individuals to take more control over their health and well-being. The Quantified Self movement, for instance, has enabled many individuals to identify triggers for conditions like migraines or optimize their sleep and energy levels through personalized data analysis (Swan, 2012).

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The Peril: Navigating Risks and Ethical Minefields

Despite the dazzling potential, the path towards a bio-hacked future is fraught with significant risks and ethical dilemmas. Safety is a primary concern, particularly within the DIY biohacking and grinder communities. Performing biological experiments or implanting non-medical grade technology without proper expertise, sterile conditions, or regulatory oversight carries substantial risks of infection, tissue damage, device failure, and unintended biological consequences. Even professionally developed technologies are not without risk; brain implants carry surgical risks and potential long-term side effects, while the off-target effects of gene editing are still being studied.

Perhaps the most discussed ethical concern is equity and access. These advanced technologies are likely to be expensive, at least initially. This raises the specter of a "bio-divide," creating two tiers of humanity: the enhanced, who can afford upgrades to their health, longevity, and abilities, and the unenhanced, who cannot. Such a scenario could exacerbate existing social inequalities to an unprecedented degree, creating disparities not just in wealth or opportunity, but in fundamental biological capabilities. How do we ensure that the benefits of these powerful technologies are distributed fairly and don't just serve to widen the gap between the haves and have-nots?

Privacy and data security are also paramount concerns. Wearables, implants, BCIs, and genetic sequencing generate vast amounts of highly sensitive personal biological data. Who owns this data? How is it secured? Could it be used by corporations for targeted advertising, by insurers to deny coverage, by employers to discriminate, or by malicious actors for nefarious purposes? The potential for misuse of intimate biological information is immense, demanding robust privacy frameworks and security measures that currently lag behind the pace of technological development. Imagine the implications if brain activity data from a BCI could be hacked or subpoenaed.

Furthermore, these technologies force us to confront deep philosophical questions about human identity and nature. What does it mean to be human if we can significantly alter our biology and cognition? Where is the line between therapy and enhancement, and should such a line even exist? Could widespread enhancement lead to a homogenization of human experience or create unforeseen societal pressures to "upgrade"? Altering fundamental aspects of human biology, especially through germline gene editing, carries the potential for irreversible consequences for the human species, demanding broad societal discussion and careful ethical deliberation before proceeding (Baylis & Robert, 2017). The security of implanted devices themselves is another critical factor; a hacked pacemaker or BCI could have devastating consequences.

The Road Ahead: Balancing Innovation with Responsibility

The convergence of biology and technology is accelerating, and the allure of biohacking and future body tech is growing stronger. We are venturing into territory that requires not just scientific ingenuity but also profound ethical foresight and societal wisdom. The potential to alleviate suffering, cure disease, and unlock new human potentials is extraordinary, but the risks associated with safety, equity, privacy, and the very essence of our humanity cannot be ignored. Progress in this field necessitates a multi-stakeholder dialogue involving scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public to establish clear ethical guidelines, robust regulatory frameworks, and mechanisms to ensure equitable access. We need to carefully weigh the potential benefits against the foreseeable and unforeseeable risks, fostering innovation while ensuring it serves the common good. The decisions we make today regarding the development and deployment of these powerful technologies will shape the future of humanity in fundamental ways. It is a journey that demands both bold exploration and cautious navigation, ensuring that our technological advancements enhance, rather than diminish, our shared human values.

Key Takeaways

• Biohacking is the practice of modifying one's biology or lifestyle, often using technology and data, to improve health, performance, or well-being, ranging from wellness tracking to DIY implants.
• Future Body Tech involves more profound integration of technology with biology, including Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), advanced prosthetics, therapeutic gene editing (like CRISPR), and medical nanotechnology.
• Potential Benefits include radical improvements in health and longevity, curing genetic diseases, restoring lost functions, enhancing physical and cognitive abilities, and greater self-understanding through data.
• Risks and Ethical Concerns are significant, encompassing safety issues (especially in DIY contexts), potential for a "bio-divide" based on access and cost, threats to privacy and data security, and philosophical questions about human identity and enhancement.
• Regulation and Ethics lag behind technological development, highlighting the urgent need for robust safety standards, privacy protections, equitable access strategies, and broad societal discussion on the implications of altering human biology.
• The path forward requires balancing rapid innovation with responsible development and deployment, ensuring these powerful technologies benefit humanity as a whole.

References

• Baylis, F., & Robert, J. S. (2017). Human germline genome editing. Bioethics Briefing Note. The Hastings Center. Available at: https://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/human-germline-gene-editing/
• Mavroidis, C., & Ferreira, A. (Eds.). (2013). Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics: Design, Control, and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. [Note: This is a book reference; specific chapter/page might be cited for specific claims, but the general topic reference is valid. A representative review article URL could be substituted if preferred, e.g., related works by Robert Freitas Jr.]
• Swan, M. (2012). Sensor mania: the internet of things, wearable computing, objective metrics, and the quantified self 2.0. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 1(3), 217-253. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/1/3/217
• Urban, K. R., & Mclean, W. J. (2014). A review of the evidence for the use of nootropic drugs, including modafinil and methylphenidate, by professionals in demanding occupations. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(12), 625–632. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300019/
• Wolpaw, J. R., Birbaumer, N., McFarland, D. J., Pfurtscheller, G., & Vaughan, T. M. (2002). Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113(6), 767-791. Available at: https://www.clinicalneurophysiol.com/article/S1388-2457(02)00057-3/fulltext

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Unlocking the Future: Implanting Knowledge Directly into the Brain

Unlocking the Future: Implanting Knowledge Directly into the Brain

Imagine a world where learning calculus, mastering a new language, or even acquiring complex skills like piloting a drone could be as simple as downloading an app. While this might sound like the plot of The Matrix, scientists and tech innovators are working to make this idea a reality. Recent breakthroughs in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) suggest that directly implanting information into the brain could soon move from the realm of science fiction into our everyday lives.

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The Science Behind Mind-to-Machine Learning

The core technology making this possible is the brain-computer interface. In simple terms, BCIs are devices that allow the brain to communicate directly with external systems. These systems can interpret brain activity, translate it into commands, and even send information back to the brain. Some systems are invasive, requiring surgical implantation, while others are non-invasive, relying on external sensors to monitor brain waves.

A standout example of this progress comes from Neuralink, Elon Musk’s ambitious venture into neural technology. Neuralink’s chip, implanted directly into the brain, promises to enable users to control devices with their thoughts. But it does not stop at control—it might one day allow users to acquire knowledge or skills instantly. Think about learning a new instrument not by hours of practice but by having the knowledge "written" into your brain.

The Breakthroughs: From Fiction to Reality

Recently, the field has seen leaps forward that bring us closer to this vision. Neuralink's chip has already been successfully implanted in human participants. In one trial, a paralyzed participant played a video game and moved a cursor using only their thoughts. In another, the chip’s 1,024 electrodes captured brain signals with unprecedented precision, opening new doors for how the brain could interact with machines.

Other companies are also pushing the boundaries. Precision Neuroscience recently implanted over 4,000 electrodes in the human brain—another record-setting achievement. With this increased resolution, these systems can gather more detailed brain activity, making "writing" information to the brain a more tangible possibility.

Meanwhile, Carnegie Mellon University has made progress in non-invasive BCIs. Their researchers demonstrated that artificial intelligence-powered systems could allow users to interact with objects on a screen using only their thoughts. These non-invasive solutions may provide a safer, more accessible alternative to invasive implants.

How Does It Work?

Let us pause for a moment to understand how BCIs actually "write" information into the brain. The process involves detecting specific brain activity patterns associated with a desired skill or piece of information. Using a combination of feedback mechanisms, such as visual or sensory stimuli, BCIs can "nudge" the brain toward adopting these patterns.

For example, imagine seeing a shape wobble on a screen. Without knowing it, your brain activity controls that wobble. When your brainwaves align with a predefined target pattern, the wobble stops. Over time, your brain learns to replicate that pattern without conscious effort, effectively embedding a new skill or category of knowledge.

As Dr. Coraline Iordan of the University of Rochester explains, "Instead of teaching you something and measuring how your brain changes, we wrote a new category into your brain that would have appeared had you learned it yourself." This paradigm-shifting approach bypasses traditional learning, allowing the brain to acquire knowledge effortlessly.

What Could This Mean for the Future?

The applications of BCIs are as thrilling as they are diverse. Here are a few possibilities:

• Medical Breakthroughs: BCIs could revolutionize treatment for neurological conditions. For instance, they might help restore movement for individuals with paralysis or even allow blind individuals to "see" through artificial vision.
• Effortless Skill Acquisition: Imagine walking into a job interview, instantly fluent in a language you have never studied. BCIs could make this dream a reality by downloading languages, skills, or even muscle memory into your brain.
• Augmented Reality Without Devices: Forget wearing glasses or headsets for augmented reality experiences. BCIs could directly project visuals or data into your mind, merging the digital and physical worlds seamlessly.
• Revolutionized Human-Computer Interaction: The way we interact with technology could change entirely. From controlling devices with a thought to composing music directly from neural patterns, the possibilities are endless.

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Ethical Questions We Must Answer

While the potential of BCIs is astonishing, the technology raises critical ethical questions. How do we ensure informed consent when trialing invasive procedures? What safeguards can protect the deeply personal data collected from our brains? And how do we ensure this transformative technology does not widen social inequalities?

These are not minor issues. Consider data privacy: if BCIs can access your thoughts or memories, who owns that data? Could it be hacked? Dr. Jonathan Cohen, a neuroscientist at Princeton, highlights another issue: "We essentially turned learning on its head and taught your brain something that caused you to vicariously gain information, even though you were never explicitly given that information." This ability to manipulate behavior without conscious awareness has profound implications for autonomy and consent.

Looking Ahead

The journey to seamless mind-machine integration is just beginning, but it is already reshaping what it means to be human. While many hurdles remain—both technological and ethical—the promise of BCIs could redefine education, healthcare, and our relationship with technology.

One thing is clear: the future of learning and human potential lies at the intersection of biology and technology. The question is no longer whether BCIs will change our lives, but how—and who will ensure those changes benefit everyone.

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